… in West Africa. During the 1990s they collaborated on IIED’s drylands programme, establishing participatory development initiatives … find ways to provide livelihoods and incomes for rural populations in drylands areas. Instead of top-down approaches, which had been tried and … Is that your assessment? BG: Yes, that was part of it. I think IIED’s drylands programme was able to explore drylands as very complex systems. …